Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 13

Journal - Essay Example Its own history has combined these factors to produce the present generation of poverty, nonexistent infrastructure and an inefficient state that cannot handle natural disasters in the most basic ways. From these points, I believe the Haitian people are falsely portrayed by the media as the world’s most resilient. They are poor, but we are told they do not complain. They are directly in the path of the region’s earthquakes and hurricanes, but we are told they survive. The truth is that the people of Haiti are suffering from the lack of vision, policy and strategy by its political leaders. Under the 18th century French rule, Haiti was among the French empire’s richest islands, exporting over 60 and 40 percent of the coffee and sugar, respectively, which Europe consumed. It does not matter that the close to one million African slaves that worked to produce the wealth did not have a share in it, but it remains that the wealth was there. I see the downfall of Haiti starting from the revolution that earned it independence. They were free, but the leaders destroyed its plantations and infrastructure. Their former French colonists contributed to the calamities of the new nation by demanding 150 million francs in order to grant them diplomatic recognition. That was already too costly for the country, even without considering half of it that was later demanded in 1830. The present-day Haitians are in difficult times, but I concur that they are only victims of historical circumstances. France has been wringing reparations for more than a century from the country until 1 947, forcing it to take loans from foreign banks at inflated interests. To finance the loans, 80 percent of Haiti’s national budget was being paid out to the foreign banks by 1900. From then, the modern breed of leaders started giving up on servicing the repatriations or solving the problems in Haiti, and instead shifted their focus to looting for personal

Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Plan - Essay Example The sports drink is prepared through a blend or combination of water, electrolytes and carbohydrates with an aim of helping athletes to recover the electrolytes and energy that is lost during vigorous sports activities. The scientific formulation is presented by the PepsiCo to its market through variant brands such as orange, lemon lime, strawberry kiwi, citrus cooler, fruit punch and blue cool (MarketWatch, 2010). Industry Definition Regardless of the improved performance of the brand in the market, the level of competitiveness in the sports drink market has increased significantly. This is due to new entrants into the market, substitute products and application of competitive strategies by the key players within the sports drink market. In this regard therefore there is a need to develop an effective marketing plan that will be used to enhance the performance of the food drink within the market in addition to achievement of a competitive advantage in the market as opposed to rival products (Zmuda, 2008). Company Analysis PepsiCo, the parent company that produces Gatorade aims at becoming a leader in the production and sale of sports drinks within its markets across the world. This is achieved through an effective strategic leadership approaches and a corporate culture that is focused at high quality human resource management, quality in production, innovativeness and effective marketing (Stanford, 2011). The company’s performance and challenges within the market can be understood through an analysis of its strengths, weaknesses, available opportunities within the market in addition to threats within its markets. The strengths of the company are demonstrated by the high quality of its sports drink, Gatorade. This sports drink is scientifically formulated with elements that are required by individuals who are engaged in strenuous sports activities. Additionally, Gatorade has gained a significantly strong name of its brand within the market. This is attri buted to the popularity of the parent company and the promotional strategies that are employed in popularizing the brand within its local and international markets (Sterrett, 2009). The effectiveness of the scientific formulation in allowing individuals to excel in the physical performance of their exercise and sports activity has led to winning of the loyalty of the customers for the brand. Gatorade sports drink is however faced with weaknesses such as low visibility and advertising and unawareness of the consumers on the benefits of consumption of the product during sports, training and exercising activities. The relatively high price of the product is also argued to be one of the major weaknesses of the brand. Pepsi Co has many opportunities for enhancing the performance and competitiveness of Gatorade within the market. This includes more promotional activities through an integrated marketing communication approach and the use of celebrity endorsements of famous sports personali ties to popularize the brand within its market. In addition, the company has market opportunities of venturing into new scientific formulations such as protein regimens. The company would also add more nutrients to the Gatorade formulation such as vitamins. This is an opportunity that will allow the company to compete with rival brands and sports regimens that present the consumers with highly

Impact of Employees Satisfaction on Customer Satisfaction

Impact of Employees Satisfaction on Customer Satisfaction Table of ContentsAbstract This research paper determines the impact of Employees Satisfaction on Customer Satisfaction. This study is based on the Standard Chartered Bank of Pakistan. In this study, the data has been collected from two different questionnaires one is for Employees perspective and other is for Customers perspective. This research has been conducted in Karachi. The target population for this research is the Employee and Customer of Standard Chartered Bank. A sample size of 100 respondents of each type from various locations of Karachi which are Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Gulberg, F.B.Area, D.H.A, and S.I.T.E are collected. Chi-Square test has been used to test the hypothesis at significance level of 95%. Finally, I find through analysis that Employee Satisfaction is a Key factor for the Customer Satisfaction. It has a significant Impact on Customer Satisfaction. Key Words: Employee Satisfaction, Customer Satisfaction. Introduction Private Banks are playing pivotal role in mobilizing nations savings. These banks have become the mainstream banking institutions in the country mainly, because of; public sector banks are not playing effective role due to obsolete technology and old dated infrastructure. These banks usually use traditional banking practices which are not suitable in this era of globalization led to the establishment of a handful of private banks. These banks are also failed to meet the service expectations of general public due to their inefficient operation including administrative delay, traditional technology, slow processing of transactions etc. This is one of the main reasons behind the flourish of the Private Banks numbers within a short period of time which increase competition. Consequently, banks have taken steps to attract customers and adopted a service orientation with a focus on developing customer-employee relationship. It is a logical approach since an overwhelmingly large proportion of bank customers in Pakistan prefer face to face banking. Taking necessary initiatives to improve the relationship between front line employees of the bank and its customers is of utmost importance in gaining a competitive advantage. Moreover, any new offering from one bank is quickly imitated by other competing banks. In such situation, customer-employee relationships could be used as an important tool for making them distinct from others. To understand how relationships are formed, need an insight into the factors that contribute to customer satisfaction. Many companies demonstrate a very narrow view of these factors assuming that if they get their core product right and deliver it quickly and conveniently, the customer will be satisfied. As leading customer satisfaction and customer loyalty research suppliers, researcher recognize that the drivers behind customer attitudes and opinions are much more complex than that. Customer satisfaction is a mental state which results from the customers comparison of a) expectations prior to a purchase with b) performance perceptions after a purchase. Previous studies shows that Satisfied Employees are more productive, innovative, committed and loyal, which in turn leads to customer satisfaction, which means that employee satisfaction plays a strong, central role in predicting profitability and organizational effectiveness. Employee satisfaction is significantly related to service quality and to customer satisfaction, while the later in turn influences firm profitability. Many firms have enthusiastically applied the operation-centric approach and demonstrated that it is an effective means for improving organizational efficiency. Nevertheless, the impact of human resources on operational systems has often been overlooked. The importance of employee attitudes, such as job satisfaction, employee loyalty, and organizational commitment, and their impacts on operational performance have largely been neglected in the extant OM literature (Boudreau, 2004). However, this study helps to understand the employees satisfaction play any role or not on customer satisfaction in Private Banks in Pakistan. This study is based on bank Standard Chartered, operating their business in whole country. This is conventional (interest based) Bank. This research conduct in Karachi city, thats why all the branches for research are in Karachi. These banks are located in different area of Karachi. Standard Chartered Bank Limited Standard Chartered is the largest and fastest growing International Bank in Pakistan. The Bank has been operating in Pakistan since 1863 when it first established its operations in Karachi. Standard Chartered now employees over 4,000 people and has a branch network of 162 branches across 41 cities in the country. Standard Charterers core businesses in Pakistan are in Consumer Banking and Wholesale Banking. Problem Statement There are significant benefits to be realized from trying to improve an organizations service/quality. And thats why managers devote so much time and money to training programs that instruct employees on the specifics of dealing with customers. What these managers dont understand, however, is that such attempts are largely cosmetic. Real improvements in customer service start with providing superior service and support to the employees themselves which manager of most companies doesnt realize. That is the big problem in Pakistan. So the problem statement is: that it is impossible to maintain a loyal customer base without a base of loyal employees. Research Objectives As mentioned in the problem statement, it is impossible to maintain a loyal customer base without a base of loyal employees. Hence the main objective of this study is to find the relationship of employee and customers either satisfy employee impact or not on customer satisfaction. Scope of study This research will identify importance of Employee Satisfaction. The research in this area is very important because there is no trend to satisfy the employee, and to satisfy customer employer offer type of packages and services. If employer realize that for customer satisfaction they must need to satisfy there employee first they may get more profit, A study at Sears Roebuck Co. showed that a five-point improvement in employee attitudes led to a 1.3 rise in customer satisfaction which, in turn, generated a 0.5 increase in revenues. This study is not limited to the banking industry; it helps all the private and public sector organizations. The scope of study is not very large due to the shortage of time. I selected Karachi because it has huge population. And people belong to every part of Pakistan found in Karachi. And I can find every class of people in Karachi. I cover different areas of Karachi like, Gulshan-e-iqbal, Gulberg, F.B. Area, D.H.A and S.I.T.E. Limitations of the Study Some of the respondents refused to fill the questionnaires. The responses may vary as some people did not want to come up with real answers. Difficult to gather primary data as some of the respondents is not taking questionnaire seriously The people were busy in their own work so they might not have given actual responses. Limitation of time. The survey is conducted only in few areas of Karachi; hence the results may vary in other parts of the cities. Small sample size. And like any other research the limitation of personal bias of respondents limits the scope of the study. The findings are based on the survey conducted in the month of June and July; the results may not vary on the basis of months because the study is based on the behavior like satisfaction. Operational Definitions Employee Satisfaction Employee Satisfaction can be defined as how Employee is happy on his work place which can be shown by his Loyalty and Commitment towards their organization. Customer Satisfaction Customer Satisfaction can be defined as how Customer is happy or agree to purchase the product and Services again, shown by his Loyalty and Commitment towards the Product and Services offered by the Organization. Literature Review Employee Satisfaction is crucial for any bank for its strong impact on customer perceptions of service quality and satisfaction. Dell (1991) illustrated customer-employee relationship as a state of customers overall good feelings when they interact with sellers. Previous studies (Garbarino and Johnson, 1999, Johnson et. al. 2008, Levesque, 1996) suggest two types of customer satisfaction. Overall satisfaction, comes from multiple experiences or encounters with the firm (Bitner and Hubbert, 1994) whereas, encounter satisfaction will result from the evaluation of a single, discrete interaction. Bank customers measure their satisfaction based on a series of encounters or ongoing relationship experiences with the banks employees. This corroborates (Storbacka et al, 1994) who argued that customers experiences gathered from all service encounters influence their overall satisfaction. However, customer-employee interaction is more vital in some countries (e.g., the Netherlands, Italy, and K enya) than in other parts of the world where people do not like to be involved in personal interactions (Gremler and Gwinner, 2000). In Pakistan, as personal relationships hold more influence on customers, it may be assumed that customer-employee relationships have stronger impact on customers mind for their satisfaction than those countries where personal relationship is not an important factor. Employees can derive satisfaction from their jobs by meeting or exceeding the emotional wants and needs they expect from their work. Therefore, Managers that can recognize this and understand the many different aspects that are involved in employee satisfaction will be successful at achieving the link between employee satisfaction, customer retention and added profitability. A substantial body of research confirms the positive association between employee and customer satisfaction (Bernhardt et al., 2000; Harter et al., 2002; Koys, 2001; Ryan et al.,1996; Tornow and Wiley, 1991). A common characteristic of all previous research is that present available dyadic studies have mainly focused on service employees who are in direct and intense customer contact, such as salespeople (Homburg and Stock, 2004, 2005), financial service consultants (Ryan et al.,1996), or service personnel from a restaurant chain (Koys, 2001). The concept of emotional contagion has been used in marketing research to explain the link between employee job satisfaction and customer satisfaction (Homburg and Stock, 2004; Pugh, 2001;Verbeke, 1997). According to this theory, customers catch certain emotional states of customer-contact employees which are associated with the employees job satisfaction. As an example (provided by Homburg and Stock, 2004), the level of experienced job stress is negatively correlated to the employees job satisfaction. Thus, a highly dissatisfied employee will (unconsciously) exhibit a high level of emotional tension expressed through facial expressions, vocalization, and other observable behaviors. That tension will be felt by the customer and consequently will affect the customers satisfaction via the process of emotional contagion (Wild et al.,2001). This will create cognitive tension for the customer as well, which in turn reduces the customers satisfaction-level. Employees create value for their organizations through the profitable relationships they create with the organizations customers. As the research has shown, loyal customers are profitable customers and loyal customers have an emotional connection with the organization, most often because of the employees at the organization. In order for employee value creation to even be a consideration, the employee must be satisfied with his or her employment situation. Satisfied and loyal employees deliver better customer service, make fewer mistakes, and maintain an emotional connection to the organization for which they work. A series of service encounters between an employee and a customer will lead to a productive and profitable relationship only if the employee is able to achieve consistently high quality in the encounter (Heskett, Sasser, and Schlessinger 1997). Research conducted on Call Centre employees and Customer shows that the private and public call centers employee and customer relationship link to be either positively or negatively correlated. Meaning that call centers that have high employee satisfaction also have high customer satisfaction and call centers with low employee satisfaction also have low customer satisfaction. Therefore, SQM is of the strong opinion that employee satisfaction impacts customer satisfaction for both the public and private sectors. Furthermore, SQM has demonstrated that a 1% increase in employee satisfaction represents approximately a 2% improvement increase in customer satisfaction. (Mike, 2005). Many times organizations assume that customers will become satisfied if prices and costs are simply lowered. However, much research has indicated that customers are willing to pay more for service and convenience. Employees create value for their organizations through the profitable relationships they create with the organizations customers. As the research has shown, loyal customers are profitable customers and loyal customers have an emotional connection with the organization, most often because of the employees at the organization. (Anthony, 2007). Methodology Target population and Sources of data: The target population in this study includes (i) front line employees and key personnel working in the customer service department of the different branches SCB located in Karachi and (ii) customers having account of any type in these banks. Primary data will be collected through two separate surveys. A questionnaire containing both structured and unstructured questions will be developed and administered through e-mail to randomly selected sample elements from the target population (i) above. A second survey would be conducted on a sample of 100 randomly selected customers of these banks from the target population (ii) above. Necessary secondary data such as annual reports, websites, newspaper reports and various other published works will also be collected from relevant sources. Hypothesis The following hypothesis was developed: Ho: Employees Satisfaction has a significant impact on Customer Satisfaction. Sample size The sample is based on employees and customers of Standard Chartered bank. And the size is 100 respondents of each type. How to collect data To collect data method of questionnaire based survey is conducted and the question is about the loyalty and commitment of employees and customers behaviors towards the bank. Statistical Techniques The SPSS software has help us in the solution of research calculation. Chi-Square test has been used to test the hypothesis at significance level of 95%. Analysis and Findings The measurement factors of Employee according to the questionnaire are Job Security, Working Condition, Compensation Packages, Team Leaders, Communication level in Bank with peers and seniors, Customer services providing by the them and Training and Development from the Bank, this factors measure on the scale of satisfaction and the end result which comes in the over all satisfaction level of Employees are shown in the table 1: Table 1 Satisfaction Level Of Employee Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Satisfied 59 59.0 59.0 59.0 Neutral 11 11.0 11.0 70.0 Dissatisfied 30 30.0 30.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 59 % of employees are satisfied by these all factors, 11% of the Employees are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied and 30% employees are Dissatisfied from these factors. Observation Compensation Packages is the main reasons of Dissatisfaction, and some of them are not satisfied with their Team Leaders. Similarly the measurement factors of Customers, according to the questionnaire are Responsiveness from the front desk Employees, Products and Service Quality, Delivery of Services, Competitiveness and Technical Support from the Bank Employees, these factors also measure on the scale of satisfaction and the end result which comes in the over all satisfaction level of Customer are shown in the table 2: Table 2 Satisfaction Level Of Customer Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Satisfied 42 42.0 42.0 42.0 Neutral 19 19.0 19.0 61.0 Dissatisfied 39 39.0 39.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 42% Customers are Satisfied with the Banks overall Services, 19% of Customers are neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied and Finally 39 % Customers are Dissatisfied. Observation shows that this ratio of Dissatisfaction is Because of Product and Service Quality and Delivery of Services. Table 3 Satisfaction Level Of Customer * Satisfaction Level Of Employee Cross-tabulation Count Satisfaction Level Of Employee Total Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Satisfaction Level Of Customer Satisfied 44 1 6 42 Neutral 5 3 6 19 Dissatisfied 10 7 18 39 Total 59 11 30 100 The Table 3 shows the overall satisfaction of Employee and Customer, 42% employee Satisfaction leads to the 59% satisfaction Of Customers, 19% neutral employee does not effect significantly and Finally 39% Dissatisfied Employees leads to the 30% Customer Dissatisfaction. table 4 Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 19.683a 4 .001 Likelihood Ratio 21.158 4 .000 Linear-by-Linear Association 15.674 1 .000 N of Valid Cases 100 The above table 4 gives the test results for the chi-square test for independence. The first row labeled Pearson Chi-Square shows that the value of à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2 is 19.6837 and the degree of freedom is 4. The two-tailed p-value is shown as 0.001, which is less than 0.05, so our hypothesis is accepted and we conclude that there is significant impact of Employees Satisfaction on Customer Satisfaction. Conclusion Keeping in view the results discussed above it can be safely concluded that there is positive association between the Employee satisfaction and Customer Satisfaction. On the basis of results generated by using SPSS software (17th version) and the test applied on it is chi-square, it is found that Satisfied Employees either front desk or not has a significant impact on Customer Satisfaction. If Employee is Satisfied with the Job, He/she would be loyal, and committed with the bank and in the result they are providing good services to their valuable Customers as they perceived, and finally Customer is Satisfied. Recommendations and Direction for further Research On the basis of the analysis I recommend that the researcher can be conducted in every field and specially in government sector so that we can find out the reasons of dissatisfaction of customer in this sector similarly the large number of respondent will gives the accurate finding where as the area of this research is very limited based on one city and one bank. Following this line of thought, I also suggest that researchers examine the relationship between employee satisfaction and companys profitability. For instance, is employee satisfaction a necessary condition for Companys Profitability?

NATO :: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO

Introduction: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a US-oriented defense alliance that was formed on August 24, 1949 through a treaty, which was signed on April 4, 1949 by Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the UK and the USA. The basic aim of this alliance was to protect European states from the possible aggression by USSR, which after the Second War looked determined to expand her frontiers. Later on the membership increased when Greece and Turkey joined in 1952, West Germany in 1955 and Spain in I982. France detached itself from the military command structure in 1966. The dismemberment of the USSR in December 1991 and the emergence of new independent republic in Europe changed the character and role of NAT0. The collapse of socialism in Europe and dissolution of Soviet Union removed the threat from communist states. According to the treaty all the member are committed to help one another in case of any milit ary attack against one or more nations. In addition the member countries use peaceful means to settle their disputes. The Treaty: The treaty of NATO consists of the following 14 articles: Article 1. The parties undertake, as set forth in the charter of the United Nations, to settle any 1nternational disputes in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice, are not endangered and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of forces in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.. Article 2: The patties will contribute towards the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions by bringing about a better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded and by promoting conditions of stability and well being. They will seek to eliminate conflict and will encourage economic collaboration among them. Article 3: In order to achieve more effectively the objectives of this treaty, the parties separately and jointly, by means of continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid, will maintain and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack. Article 4. The parties will consult together whenever, in opinion of any of them, the territorial integrity, political independence or security of any of the parties is threatened. Article 5: The parties agree that an armed attack against one or more

Causes And Effects Of Land Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

The object of this undertaking is to derive a more a holistic and deep apprehension of the Legal and Regulatory model regulating Land Pollution in India By looking into the beginning of Environment we understand how the society boulder clay day of the month has shaped and what is the Causes and Effects of Land Pollution and what contribution the Law has given. Another really of import object of this undertaking is to understand what the demand of Environmental Law in the society was. The method of research adopted is doctrinal in nature. I have referred beginnings on the net every bit good as a few books on Environmental Law available in the university library besides adding my personal positions and cognition of the subject. Land pollution is the taint of the Earth ‘s land surface through abuse of the dirt by hapless agricultural patterns, mineral development, industrial waste dumping, and indiscriminate disposal of urban wastes. It includes seeable waste and litter every bit good as pollution of the dirt itself. Soil pollution is caused by chemicals in weedkillers and pesticides for agricultural activities every bit good as littering of waste stuffs in public topographic points such as streets, Parkss and roads. The accretion of waste is a menace to the wellness of people in residential countries and waste decays besides encourages family plagues and turns urban countries into unsightly, dirty and unhealthy topographic points to populate in. These jobs result in the loss of 6 million hectares of land each twelvemonth. It besides consequences in the loss of 24 billion dozenss of surface soil each twelvemonth and a loss of at least 15 million estates of premier agricultural land to overdrive and mismanagement every twelvemonth. Some steps of land pollution are through the instruction of people through runs, recycling to cut down wastes. Laws have besides been passed by authoritiess to cover with land pollution. When we hear a individual describe a topographic point as ‘dirty ‘ , what normally comes to our heads is the bad status of the topographic point. The topographic point, which could be your sleeping room, is imagined to hold apparels scattered on the floor and books unarranged on the shelf. However, I define the word ‘dirty ‘ in a more specific mode. ‘Dirty ‘ in my definition, means that there are rubbish or litter on the floor. This makes the ambiance of that certain topographic point unpleasant non merely to the oculus, but besides to the head. Land pollution is hence the soiling of the land. It comes approximately due to inconsiderate dumping of waste, littering and uneffective waste disposal methods. Mix of harmful substances with dirt is called land pollution. When the natural dirt gets assorted with the harmful and toxic elements due to assorted agencies, it pollutes the dirt and alters its original physical and chemical features. Animals waste excessively pollutes land. The consequence of such dirt pollution is rather harmful and unsafe on human life every bit good as on workss and animate beings. Soil pollution easy and steadily causes environment and air pollution as good by vaporisation of assorted harmful chemicals from the contaminated land. Polluted land consequences into farther pollution of workss and land H2O resources which finally leads to fouling full web of nutrient concatenation in the ecosystem.Chapter 1 Causes and Effects of Land PollutionPeoples across the Earth have been confronting a figure of wellness jobs caused due to the pollution of land, H2O and air. Talking about land pollution, it has some of the most annihilating effects on both nature and living existences. Land pollution is characterized by the taint of Earth ‘s surface, where worlds and other animals live. One of the major causes of land pollution is human activities. Given below is complete information about the chief causes and harmful effects of land pollution . AA1.1 Causes of Land PollutionThe disposal of non-biodegradable wastes, including containers, bottles and tins made of plastic, used autos and electronic goods, leads to the pollution of land. The procedure of mining leads to the formation of hemorrhoids of coal and scoria. When these wastes are non disposed through proper channel, they are accumulated and pollute the land. Industrial wastes are major subscribers of land pollution. Dumping of toxic stuffs such as chemicals and pigments makes the countries environing the industries, look really foul. Improper intervention of sewerage leads to the accretion of solids, such as biomass sludge. These solid wastes overflow through the sewerage, doing the full country expression dirty.[ 1 ] Population India is the 2nd most thickly settled state in the universe with more than 1 billion people.A This big population is besides an environmental challenge for the universe. Soil Erosion This is the biggest job. Wind besides aids in spread outing the ever-increasing desert conditions of the Rajasthan desert.A Similarly, many ports are now covered in sand for the same grounds. Deforestation Although the British started deforestation in India, the force per unit areas to overhaul since the divider of 1947 have merely increased the rates of deforestation.A The erratic growing of metropoliss and the rapid building of mills to assist feed the thirst for economic growing have come at the cost of India ‘s woodlands.A These policies non merely harmed the trees but the autochthonal peoples that had long thrived among the trees throughout India.A2. Effectss of Land PollutionAMetric tons and metric tons of domestic wastes are dumped every twenty-four hours. Since people do non follow proper methods for the disposal of such wastes, it leaves the topographic points look soiled and makes them unhealthy. Land pollution indirectly affects the respiratory system of human existences. Breathing in contaminated dust or atom can ensue in a figure of wellness jobs related to the respiratory system.[ 2 ] Skin jobs are frequently diagnosed due to set down pollution. It is said that the improper disposal of family wastes leads to allergic reactions on the tegument. Land pollution has been found as one of the prima causes for birth defects. Pregnant adult females populating in unhealthy and soiled environment can incur take a breathing jobs and a figure of diseases, which may impact the wellness of the babe every bit good. Land pollution has serious consequence on wildlife. Flora, which provides nutrient and shelter to wildlife, are destroyed. Land pollution frequently disrupts the balance of Nature, doing human human deaths.Chapter 2 Legal model regulating Land Pollution in India2.1 Policy under the Five-Year Plan. India ‘s development programs balance economic development and environmental concerns. The planning procedure is guided by the rules of sustainable development. There has been an evolutionary procedure for mainstreaming environmental protection in India ‘s planning procedure. The first formal acknowledgment of the demand for incorporate environmental planning was made when the Union Government constituted the National Committee on Environmental Planning and Coordination ( NCEPC ) in 1972. The concern for environmental injury came to the bow particularly during the Sixth Five-Year Plan ( 1980-85 ) , which contained a separate proviso for environmental debasement. Stairss were besides taken for H2O, air, noise, and land pollution.[ 3 ] 2.2 Fundamental law of India a ) The State ‘s duty with respect to environmental protection has been laid down under Article 48-A of our Constitution, which reads as follows: â€Å" The State shall endeavor to protect and better the environment and to safeguard the woods and wildlife of the state † . B ) Environmental protection is a cardinal responsibility of every citizen of this state under Article 51-A ( g ) of our Constitution which reads as follows: â€Å" It shall be the responsibility of every citizen of India to protect and better the natural environment including woods, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to hold compassion for life animals. † degree Celsius ) Article 21 of the Constitution is a cardinal right which reads as follows: â€Å" No individual shall be deprived of his life or personal autonomy except harmonizing to process established by jurisprudence. † vitamin D ) Article 48-A of the Constitution comes under Directing Principles of State Policy and Article 51 A ( g ) of the Constitution comes under Cardinal Duties. vitamin E ) The State ‘s duty with respect to raising the degree of nutrition and the criterion of life and to better public wellness has been laid down under Article 47 of the Constitution which reads as follows: â€Å" The State shall see the elevation of the degree of nutrition and the criterion of life of its people and the betterment of public wellness as among its primary responsibilities and, in peculiar, the State shall endeavour to convey about prohibition of the ingestion except for medicative intents of elating drinks and of drugs which are deleterious to wellness. † H ) The 42nd amendment to the Constitution was brought approximately in the twelvemonth 1974 makes it the duty of the State Government to protect and better the environment and to safeguard the woods and wildlife of the state. The latter, under Cardinal Duties, makes it the cardinal responsibility of every citizen to protect and better the natural environment including woods, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to hold compassion for life animals. 2.3 The Environment ( Protection ) Act, 1986 The Environment ( Protection ) Act, 1986 was introduced as an umbrella statute law that provides a holistic model for the protection and betterment to the environment. In footings of duties, the Act and the associated Rules requires for obtaining environmental clearances for specific types of new / enlargement undertakings ( addressed under Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 1994 ) and for entry of an environmental statement to the State Pollution Control Board yearly. 2.4 Hazardous Wastes ( Management and Handling ) Rules, 1989, as amended in 2000 Waste refers to a stuff that has no public-service corporation for a individual. Although natural waste can be disposed away and recycled or composted, it is the toxic, non-degradable waste of plastic and electronic goods that is going a climb job for India and other developing states. Besides the part of families, refuse is besides generated by industries, agribusiness and excavation.[ 4 ] The Hazardous Waste Rules applied to Management and Handling of 18 classs of wast like: Cyanide wastes Metal coating wastes Waste incorporating H2O soluble chemicals compounds of lead, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ba, and Sb Mercury, arsenic, Tl, and Cd and Sb Non-halogenated hydro Cs including dissolvers Halogenated hydro Cs including dissolvers Wastes from pigments, pigments, gum, varnish and printing ink Wastes from dyes and dye-intermediates incorporating inorganic chemical compounds Wastes from dyes and dye-intermediates incorporating organic chemical compounds Waste oil and oil emulsions Tarry wastes from polishing and pitch residue from distillment or pyro lytic intervention Sludge originating from intervention of waste H2O incorporating heavy metals, toxic organic, oils, emulsion and exhausted chemical and incineration ash Phenols Asbestos Wastes from fabrication of pesticides and weedkillers and residues from pesticides and weedkillers preparations units Acid wastes Off specification and discarded merchandises Discarded container line drives of risky and toxic chemicals and wastes.[ 5 ] The Problem of Disposal of Hazardous Waste and its Dangers The crisp addition in waste coevals is non matched by installations for disposal of risky waste. In India, waste is either burned or merely buried at a topographic point. The crisp addition in the quantum of generated waste and the unequal infinite for its disposal has led to improper methods of disposal. Consequently, jobs like taint of land H2O and increased air pollution have emerged as serious menaces to general wellness and life. The municipal workers are most affected people by the occupational danger ( jeopardy ) of waste managing ; they suffer from unwellness like oculus jobs respiratory jobs, gastro and tegument jobs.[ 6 ] While the improper disposal of solid waste can ensue in environmental and wellness jobs, the turning quantum of electronic waste poses a monolithic hazard to our ecological system.A Electronic equipment waste runing from personal computing machines, optical phonograph record participants and nomadic phones contains toxic stuffs like lead, Cd, quicksilver, fire retardents and leaching plastics. If this waste is left untreated in landfills or mopess ( as is the instance in India ) , it will ensue in irreparable loss to the life in the dirt, H2O and the ambiance, therefore adversely impacting human wellness and ecology. Peoples working in countries near to these landfill countries or countries where electronic waste is stored are in danger of terrible wellness jobs like harm to the kidneys, swelling of the encephalon, intervention with regulative endocrines, tegument jobs, malignant neoplastic disease and neurological and respiratory upsets. Indian Laws associating to Disposal of Hazardous Waste In India, the Environment Protection Act, 1986, authorizes the cardinal authorities to take all steps deemed necessary or expedient to protect the quality of environment and forestall any type of pollution. Hence, the Government of India has framed the Hazardous Waste ( Management and Handling ) Rules, 1989 and Hazardous Waste ( Storage Export and Import ) Rules, 1989 to modulate the disposal of risky waste in India.[ 7 ]These regulations make it compulsory for any organisation to seek the permission of the local province pollution control board for grant of mandate for transporting risky substances in the signifier of aggregation, response, intervention, conveyance, storage and disposal of such wastes. In recent opinion of Rajasthan High tribunal in the Suo Motu action taken against the disposal of Jaipur metropolis, Justice D. V. Singh held that right to life includes the right to nutrient, vesture, shelter, right to sensible adjustment to populate in, right to descent environment and besides right to populate in clean metropolis. Even in the instance of Municipal Council, Ratlam V. Vardichand[ 8 ], the instance which was the get downing point of environment law in India in which justness Krishna Iyer attributed the pollution free environment and public wellness with that of Human right facet. Judgment and determinations of the bench have proved that pollution free environment and clean metropolis is facet of Right to life. The Basel Convention Which was signed by India on 22 September, 1992, sought to modulate the â€Å" refuse imperialism † or â€Å" toxic terrorist act † , as it was called, indulged in by the Organisation for the Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) states towards Non-OECD Countries. The Basel Convention envisaged that in the beginning of twelvemonth 1998, there will be complete prohibition on exports of risky waste but it could non happen for obvious grounds. Besides so many of import clauses in the Basel Convention, the most of import one is that the state which is importing risky waste should hold installations to dispose of the waste in an environmentally sound mode. Concluding Legal Take Away Tip The authorities of India has proposed a new set of regulations called the E-waste ( Management and Handling ) Rules 2010. This provides for doing the manufacturer of electrical and electronic equipment responsible for the aggregation and appropriate disposal of e-waste generated at the terminal of the merchandise life.[ 9 ]Besides censoring the import of used electrical and electronic equipment for charity in the state, these new regulations besides aim to modulate non merely the manufacturers, but besides the recyclers and mediators. 2.5 A Law Associating to Bio-Medical Waste Management The infirmary wastes attracted the attending of the Supreme Court every bit early as in 1994 when a writ request was filed under Article 32 of the Constitution against the concerned governments to supply clean and wellness environment. Issue of improper infirmary waste direction was the Southern Cross of the instance in B.L. Wadhera v. Union of India[ 10 ] The tribunal gave series of waies. The most of import among them are: 1. All infirmaries with 50 beds and above should put in incinerators or any of effectual alternate method under their ain administrative control. 2. The incinerator or alternate methods should be fitted with necessary pollution control mechanism, approved and corroborating to the criterions laid down by the Central Pollution control Board. 3. The Central Pollution control Board and the State Pollution Control Boards should regularity direct its review squads in different countries to determine that the aggregation, transit and disposal garbage/wastes is carried out satisfactorily. Under the Indian Penal Code, 1860 a defiler of the environment can besides be punished if he does an act which causes any common hurt, danger of irritation to the populace or to the people in general so the act may be treated every bit public as defined under Section 268 and the wrongdoer may be treated punished under Section 290 or 291 of the Code, There are besides penal proviso under a state of affairs which either causes, or destroys, or diminishes the value or public-service corporation of any belongings, of affects the belongings injuriously as provided under the Section 426, 230, 231, and 432 of the Indian Penal Code. This otherwise means that if any individual who generates, collects, receives, shops, conveyance, treated, disposes or handles bio-medical wastes in any signifier shall be treated as a contravener of the above penal commissariats.[ 11 ] There should be concerted attempts of authorities for distributing the consciousness among the people about the importance of cleanliness and protection of environment through the communicating media every bit good as forming consciousness cantonments at local degrees.[ 12 ] Bio Medical ( Management and Handling ) Rules, 1998 The Bio-medical Rules came into being in 1998 through a presentment in exercising of the powers conferred by Sections 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment ( Protection ) Act, 1986. Bio-medical Rules is the first of its sort of national jurisprudence in whole South- East Asiatic Region in relation to bio-medical waste direction. The definition of Bio-medical waste is really comprehensive and extended 1. National statute law is the footing for bettering wellness attention waste patterns in any state. There should be a clear appellation of duties before the jurisprudence is enacted. Unfortunately, Indian jurisprudence fails to come up to the criterion prescribed by the World Health Organization. The Committee on Solid Management[ 13 ]recommends that bio-medical waste should be refrained from throwing on the streets or unfastened topographic points every bit good as into municipal dust bins or the domestic waste aggregation sites. This means bulk of the establishments still managed to throw the bio-medical waste municipal bins near to their premises. So it can be said that arrant failure of the jurisprudence in implementing it. The Rules is really broad and includes the resident who generates bio-medical waste. The Rules which speak about puting up of incinerator or any other alternate mechanism in a infirmary. Let us assume that the all the infirmaries have set up the incinerator. Has the Pollution Control Board equipped with adequate substructures to look into and each and every incinerator of a infirmary in relation its operation and emanation criterions?[ 14 ] Merely by enforcing deadline sing puting up of incinerator even after it has been discarded by western states or any other methods. The incinerator should be used at it optimal flat otherwise the waste may non be treated decently. In a infirmary environment, engineerings like incineration fail because untrained janitor staff runs them. Most of the studies incinerators run at temperatures lower than those specified in the regulations. Due to hapless operation and care, these incinerators do non destruct the waste, need a batch of fuel to run, and are frequently out of order. If every infirmary has an incinerator ; decidedly it can non be used its optimal degree as the sum infective waste is less. This leads improper intervention of bio-medical waste. The consequence is obvious doing danger to human wellness and the environment By and large waste is disposed through incineration by heating minimal 1000 O C. Due to failure of continue supply of electricity the heat will non raise up to order degree. The consequence is non completion of disposal of waste harmonizing to the regulations. 2.6 The Municipal Solid Wastes ( Management and Handling ) Rules, 2000 This defined ‘municipal solid waste ‘ as ‘commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified countries in either solid or semi-solid signifier excepting industrial risky wastes but includes treated bio-medical wastes. ‘ Harmonizing to Purden & A ; Anderson, ‘refuse and solid waste are about the same thing, Garbage is nutrient waste, Trash and Rubbish are approximately tantamount footings ; they contain small or no refuse. Trash often refers to grass and shrubbery cuttings, documents, glass, tins and other family wastes.[ 15 ]Rubbis is besides likely to include destruction stuffs like brick, broken concrete, and discarded roofing and timber. ‘ It has farther been clarified that solid waste includes discarded and abandoned contraptions armored combat vehicle car, mine and industry waste, agricultural, lumbering, infirmary, research research labs and industries. Some industrial wastes are toxic or risky. It is of import to determine the nature of waste whether it is biodegradable or combustible in managing and disposal of solid waste. Combustion and landfill method of disposal farther gives rise to jobs like air, H2O and land pollution, impacting adversely the wellness of the adult male, and vegetations and zoologies. Apart from family, office waste, the waste from industries within the metropolis precincts have become a baleful job now-a-days. Waste from industries utilizing chemicals and synthetics, biomedical waste are risky or unsafe waste excessively. The Indian Penal Code and Solid Waste Management The Indian Penal Code of 1860 has dealt with solid waste direction under Chapter XIV ‘of offenses impacting the public wellness, safety, convenience, decency and ethical motives ‘ . Since, solid waste gives rise to assorted type of diseases and is unsafe to public wellness, it has been treated as ‘public nuisance ‘ and has been made punishable. But there is no direct subdivision in the Code which deals with the job of solid waste. Commissariats under the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 Section 133 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 trades with ‘removal of nuisance ‘ and empowers the Sub-Divisional Magistrate or any executive Magistrate, on having report/information, to do order to take the public nuisance and desist from transporting any trade, concern which is doing public nuisance. The Court have made usage of Section 133 of the Code widely to cover with the job of solid waste direction. In the celebrated instance of Municipal Corporation, Ratlam v. Shri Vardhichand[ 16 ]Justice Krishna Iyer declared that ‘aˆÂ ¦the guns of Section 133 spell into action wherever there is public nuisance. The public power of the Magistrate under the Code is a public responsibility to the members of the populace who are victims of the nuisance. ‘ If the order is defied or ignored, Section 188, I.P.C. comes into penal drama. It was further, observed that ‘imperative tone of S.A 133, Cr.P.C. read with the punitory pique of S.A 188 I.P.C. makes the prohibitive act a compulsory responsibility. ‘ The Court besides pointed out that Article 47 of the Indian Constitute makes it a overriding rule of administration that ‘steps are taken for the betterment of public wellness as amongst its primary responsibilities. ‘ Right to sanitation, decent and dignified life The tribunals on assorted occasions have declared in univocal footings that care of wellness, saving of sanitation falls within the horizon of Article 21 of the Constitution as it adversely affects the life of the citizen and it amounts to decelerate toxic condition and cut downing the life of the citizen because of the jeopardies created, if non checked. The tribunal have besides declared that it is a primary, compulsory and obligatory responsibility of the municipal corporations/ councils to take trash, crud, dark dirt or any noxious or violative affair.[ 17 ]The Pollution Boards and its officers have a basic responsibility under the Environment ( Protection ) Act, 1986 to halt unauthorized motion and/or disposal of the waste. They are besides empowered to take action against mistaking industries and individuals. In Virendar Gaur v. State of Haryana and in many other instances, the Supreme Court has clip and once more declared that right to life under Article 21 encompasses right t o populate with human self-respect, quality of life, and nice environment. Therefore, pollution free environment and proper healthful status in metropoliss and towns, without which life can non be enjoyed, is a built-in aspect of right to life. A Landmark Case The Supreme Court of India in Dr. B.L. Wadehra v. Union of India[ 18 ], decidedly dictum that the ‘resident of Delhi have a statutory right to populate in a clean metropolis. ‘ Therefore, Municipal Corporation of Delhi ( MCD ) and New Delhi Municipal Council ( NMCD ) are under a statutory duty to scavenge and clean the metropolis and ‘it is compulsory for these governments to roll up and dispose of the garbage/waste generated from assorted beginnings in the metropolis. ‘ It was further observed that ‘non-availability O financess insufficiency or inefficiency of the staff, inadequacy of machinery etc. can non be pleaded as land for non-performance of their statutory duties. ‘ 2.7 The new Plastic Waste ( Management and Handling ) Rules 2011 New regulations in India have banned the usage of fictile sachets for hive awaying and selling nutrient and baccy merchandises, and both recycled and compostable bags used for transporting groceries have besides been banned. The new Plastic Waste ( Management and Handling ) Rules 2011 have non wholly banned recycled plastic bags, but in add-on to their limitations on transporting nutrient points, they must conform to a figure of other regulations laid down by the Bureau of Indian Standards, one of which provinces: ‘The plastic carrying bags shall either be white or merely with those pigments and colourants which are in conformance with the saloon prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards ‘ . Bags should besides be no less than 40 micrometers in thickness, duplicate the thickness required under old regulations. Officials hope the new regulations will accomplish thickness uniformity throughout the state.[ 19 ] Chapter 3 Suggestions In such instances one has to follow `cradle to sculpt ‘ solutions from coevals to concluding disposal of the wastes. This is peculiarly indispensable with the waste including toxic and risky wastes. To incorporate and command the job, there must be `awareness plan ‘ to cut down solid waste, to recycle the things if possible and to recycle the wastes like paper waste. Therefore, it deals attitudinal alteration amongst the people before we venture to beef up the bing Torahs and implement them efficaciously and expeditiously Recycle the wastes to retrieve energy and stuff. Separate risky waste from other beginning stuff for efficient handling. Incinerate or otherwise convert risky wastes to non-hazardous wastes. To promote recycling of stuff, some motive be given. Efficient Torahs entirely can non work out the job, unless we have efficient mechanism to implement, will of the authorities to implement and attitudinal alteration among the multitudes is needed Multiplicity of Torahs and countless governments can non get the better of such job unless people are made cognizant of the inauspicious effects of this job and they abide by Torahs with an purpose to safeguard the present and future coevals. Municipal corporation is a local authorization within the significance of `State ‘ under Article 12 of the Constitution and it is Statutory responsibility to roll up, shop, conveyance, procedure and dispose of the municipal dirty wastes and see the wellness & A ; hygiene of the populace is maintained. Report anyone who actively dumps waste to the appropriate governments. Reduce, re-use and recycle. Glass Bottles or jars can be reused or taken to a bottle bank for recycling. Metallic elements: Used aluminium and steel tins can be collected as bit and smelted for re-use. Avoid batteries. They contain a scope of metals but are hard to recycle. Plastics: Many drink bottles are made from a plastic called PET, which can be re-used. Vegetable Waste: A pail with a lid makes a good container for vegetable waste that can be on a regular basis added to the compost pile for usage in the garden. Attempts at single degrees should be promoted. Peoples should organize the wont of hive awaying waste at beginning in their ain houses and sedimentation such waste into the municipal system merely.[ 20 ] Decision A The apathetic Governmental attitude towards the disposal of waste is a job that has led to troubles in execution of â€Å" The Municipal Solid Waste ( Management & A ; Handling ) Rules, 2000 † as it has led to ignorance towards uncollected domestic waste. The waste processing and disposal installation has to be set up by the Municipal Authority on their ain or through the operator of installation, every bit good as they have to follow the criterions as specified under the Rules of 2000. The improper and apathetic attitude towards direction of Domestic Solid Waste has inauspicious effects on the society every bit good as environment. It is one of the biggest beginning of environment pollution. Land is polluted with the waste dumped upon it, makes the dirt infertile. contaminates the H2O organic structures, affect the aquatic life which through nutrient concatenation reaches the human being every bit good as in organic compounds. Due to the discarded plastics carry bags and ungathered waste there is drain choke offing which leads to stagnant H2O and becomes engendering land for mosquitoes and insects. All this happens because there is no proper direction and aggregation of solid waste which finally causes sedate menace to the human existences and animate beings life. With the turning population the immense waste is being generated twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. There is broad usage of plastics, advanced engineering and other mercenary things. This resulted in different features of waste which became complicated job for direction of Domestic Waste and disposal techniques. It is imperative that pressing stairss in this way should be taken up — non for treatment but as unusual pattern. The authorities and societal organisations should work hand-in-hand, round the clock and guarantee that the delicate balance in nature is non destroyed. Awareness programmes and engagement of the layperson in the cleansing procedure are really of import. Every individual should be made responsible for the harm to the Earth. Rather than speaking tall on the unfairness being done to earth, and poems being written on the earnestness of the issue, people all over the universe should fall in custodies for the interest of the Earth. Global engagement and action is needed.

Understanding The ADD and ADHD

Attention Deficit Disorder Kam Bisel Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is a problem that affects 5% to 10% of all children. ADD affect more children than any other childhood problems except asthma. It is estimated to be the largest single cause for first referrals to child guidance clinics throughout the country, making up as many as 40% of those cases. Many ADD cases are not diagnosed because the problem most often does not show in the doctors office. Current estimates suggest that approximately 50 to 65% of the children with ADD will have symptoms of the disorder as adolescents and adults. Although ADD has just recently been discovered and there is still relatively little known about it. In 1902, George Frederick Still believed the dilemma of the problem child was linked to a biological defect inherited from an injury at birth and not the result of the environment. Through 1930-40's stimulant drugs were first used to successfully treat many behavior problems due in part by Still's hypothesis. In 1960, Stella Chess researched in the field by writing about the â€Å"hyperactive child syndrome. She took Still's hypothesis further stating that the resulting behavior problems stem from a biological cause, although it is linked to a genetic inheritance rather then a birth defect from an injury. Finally, in 1980, the syndrome was named Attention Deficit Disorder, due in large part to Virginia Douglas's work to find accurate ways to diagnose it (Hallowell 2). This is currently how it stands in the axis two of the DSM-IV today, with the addition of a new category Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and there sub types. Most scientist now believe that an abnormality in brain chemistry could be to blame for the symptoms of Attention Deficit Disorder. The frontal lobes of the brain are believed to be responsible for the regulation of behavior and attention. They receive information from the lower brain, which regulates arousal and screens incoming messages from within and outside of the body. The limbic system which is a group of related nervous system structures located in the midbrain and linked to emotions and feelings then sends the messages to the frontal lobes. Finally, the frontal lobes are suspected to be the site of working memory, the place where information about the immediate environment is considered for memory storage, planning, and future-directed behavior. Scientist believe the activity in the frontal lobes is depressed in people with ADD. Studies also show, a decrease in the ability of the Attention Deficit Disorder brain to use glucose, the body's main source of energy, leading to slower and less efficient activity. Neurotransmitter provide the connection between one nerve cell and another. It is also now suspected that people with Attention Deficit Disorder have a chemical imbalance of a class of neurotransmitter called catecholamine. Dopamine, helps to form a pathway between the motor center of the midbrain and the frontal lobes, as well as a pathway between the limbic system and the frontal lobes. Without enough dopamine and related catecholamine, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, the frontal lobes are under stimulated and thus unable to perform their complex functions efficiently. Attention Deficit Disorder is primarily considered a genetic disorder. Which is why it is labeled a axis two in the DSM-IV. Studies show that 20-30% of all hyperactive children have at least one parent with ADD. However, not all cases of ADD are genetically linked. Some studies show that a small percentage of ADD cases were influenced by smoking, drinking alcohol, and using drugs during pregnancy. Exposure to toxins, such as lead, may also alter the brain chemistry and function. Both of these issues are cause for concern for the at-risk population. ADD generally affects males more often than females, in a 3:1 ratio. Because this disorder effects the brain detection of this condition is difficult. The accepted test, although today there has been an increase in research into ADD and subsequently now other tests. The test requires a nine month observation of the person, as well as EEGs, MRIs, or a PET scan. During the nine months, the person has to show a certain number of the classic traits associated with the disorder. The EEG are used to record the amount of electrical activity that is happening in the brain. An MRI is an x-ray that shows the brain's anatomy however it is not a routine assessment. More recently, the way to diagnose ADD is the use of a PET scan, which measure the amount activity in the brain. There are two general categories for those diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder. One is ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), this is the more prevalent of the two. A person with ADHD will show certain characteristics. Characteristics like, fidgeting, squirming, difficulty remaining seated, easily distracted, difficulty awaiting turn, interrupting, difficulty following directions, sustaining attention, shifting from one uncompleted task to another, not listening, following multiple directions, and frequently engaging in dangerous actions. The general diagnosis of ADD, as opposed to ADHD, has some, but not all of the above characteristics. There are people who have been diagnosed with ADD whose characteristics are not hyperactive but the complete opposite, they are underactive. This goes against the general notion that only kids who are hyperactive have ADD. These children often daydream and are never mentally present anywhere. They constantly drift off into their own world during classes or conversations. This type is more prevalent in females with ADD then in males. The underlining issues with these children are the inability to focus, they are too easily distracted. This form of ADD is the hardest to diagnose since it seems that these people simply need to â€Å"apply themselves more† or â€Å"get their act together. † Attention Deficit Disorder not only effects those afflicted in the classroom but at home as well. The rest of the families daily routine may become a distraction to those afflicted with ADD. Sometimes a television or radio that is turned on in another room may become distraction. What the ADD person needs is a sound screen. A sound screen is some form of constant noise that plays in the background, commonly a television or a radio. At first it may seem like a distraction, but in reality, if the TV or music forms a kind of â€Å"white noise† with an even level of intensity, which actually covers up discrepant noises that can be a distraction. â€Å"The hum of a ceiling fan or motor can do wonders to soothe and focus you† (Weiss. 7). Getting a family household to function smoothly is challenging for any family, with or without the presence of ADD. Adults and children suffering from Attention Deficit Disorder have trouble establishing and maintaining physical order, coordinating schedules and activities, and accepting and meeting responsibilities. Parents with children suffering with ADD have to learn how to deal with the obstacles that they will have while raising their child. Since ADD is genetically passed through to children the tendency is to have more then just the child with ADD but the parents too. Not only does the child have a problem with rules and schedules but so does the parent. Adults dealing with ADD often have chronic employment problems, impulsive spending, and erratic bookkeeping and bill paying. Raising healthy, well-adjusted children requires patience, sound judgment, good humor, and, discipline which is difficult for a parent with ADD to do. The presence of ADD often hinders the development of intimate relationships for a variety of reasons. Although many adults with ADD enjoy successful, satisfying marriages, the disorder almost always adds a certain amount of extra tension and pressure to the union. The non-ADD spouse bears an additional burden of responsibility for keeping the household running smoothly and meeting the needs of the children, the spouse with ADD, and, if he or she has time, his or her own priorities. Raising a child who has ADD can be an exhausting and, at times, frustrating experience. Parents play a key role in managing the disability. They usually need specialized training in behavior management and benefit greatly from parent support groups. Parents often find that approaches to raising that work well with children who do not have ADD, do not work as well with children who have ADD. Parents often feel helpless, frustrated and exhausted. Especially if the child's condition is unknown at the time. It could seem to the parent that the child is just bad. Too often, family members become angry and withdraw from each other. If untreated, the situation only worsens. Parent training can be one of the most important and effective interventions for a child with ADD. Effective training will teach parents how to apply strategies to manage their child's behavior and improve their relationship with their child. Without consistent structure and clearly defined expectations and limits, children with ADD can become quite confused about the behaviors that are expected of them. Making and keeping friends is a difficult task for children with ADD. A variety of behavioral excesses and deficits common to these children get in the way of friendships. They may talk too much, dominate activities, intrude in others' games, or quit a game before its done. They may be unable to pay attention to what another child is saying, not respond when someone else tries to initiate and activity, or exhibit inappropriate behavior. There is no cure for Attention Deficit Disorder. â€Å"Along with increasing awareness of the problem, a better understanding of its causes and treatment has developed† ( Wender 3). There is medication for ADD which will only alleviate the symptoms. The medication will not permanently restore the chemical imbalance. Approximately 70% of adults with ADD find that their symptoms significantly improve after they take medication prescribed by their doctors. The patient is able to concentrate on difficult and time-consuming tasks, stop impulsive behavior , and time the restless twitches that have been experienced in the past. Some ADD patient's psychological and behavioral problems are not solved by medication alone, and are required more therapy or training. Adult patients have the burden of the past that often hinders their progress. The patient then needs help with the relief of disappointment, frustration, and nagging sense of self-doubt that often weighs upon the ADD patient. Some ADD patients suffer from low-grade depression or anxiety, others with a dependence on alcohol or drugs, and most with low self-esteem and feelings of helplessness. There are two types of drugs that work to balance the neurotransmitter and have been found to be most effective in treating ADD, stimulants and antidepressants. Stimulants work by increasing the amount of dopamine either produced in the brain or used by the frontal lobes of the brain. Antidepressants also stimulate brain activity in the frontal lobes, but they affect the production and use of other chemicals, usually norepinephrine and serotonin. All the drugs used to treat ADD have the same goal, to provide the brain with the raw materials it needs to concentrate over a sustained period of time, control impulses, and regulate motor activity. The drug or combination of drugs that work best for the patient depends on the individuals brain chemistry and constellation of symptoms. The process of finding the right drug can be tricky for each individual. The psychologists are not able to accurately predict how any one individual will respond to various doses or types of Attention Deficit Disorder medication. However, the drug of choice for Attention Deficit Disorder is Ritilan. Ritilan (Methylphenidate) is a mild CNS stimulant. In medicine, Ritilan's primary use is treatment of Attention DeficitHyperactive Disorder (ADHD). The reason why this drug works so well is not completely understood, but Ritilan presumably activates the arousal system of the brain stem and the cortex to produce its stimulant effect. According to the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), prescriptions for Ritilan have increased more than 600% in the past five years. Ritilan (Methylphenidate) is manufactured by CIBA-Geigy Corporation. It is supplied in 5 mg. , 10 mg. , and 20 mg. ablets, and in a sustained release form, Ritilan SR, in 20 mg. tablets. It is readily water soluble and is intended for oral use. It is a Schedule II Controlled Substance under both the Federal and Vermont Controlled Substance Acts (Bailey 5). As stated before, ADHD is a condition most likely based in an inefficiency and inadequacy of Dopamine and Norepinephrine hormone availability, typically occurring when a person with ADHD tries to concentrate. Ritilan improves the efficiency of the hormones Dopamine and Norepinephrine, increasing the resources for memory, focus, concentration and attention (Clark 6). Ritilan exhibits pharmacological activity similar to that of amphetamines. Ritilan's exact mechanism of action in the CNS is not fully understood, but the primary sites of activity appear to be in the cerebral cortex and the subcortical structures including the thalamus. Ritilan blocks the re-uptake mechanism present in dopaminergic neurons. As a result, sympathomimetic activity in the central nervous system and in the peripheral nervous system increases. Ritilan-induced CNS stimulation produces a decreased sense of fatigue, an increase in motor activity and mental alertness, mild euphoria, and brighter spirits. In the PNS, the actions of Ritilan are minimal at therapeutic doses (Clark 2 ). Ritilan is the quickest of all oral ADHD stimulant medications in onset of action: it starts to achieve benefit in 20 – 30 minutes after administration, and is most effective during the upward ‘slope' and peak serum levels. Ritilan's effect is brief: Most people experience 2-3 hours of benefit, but after 3 hours, benefits drop off rapidly. Some individuals, especially children, may obtain 4 or even 5 hours of positive effect (Clark 1). Attention Deficit Disorder is very prevalent throughout this country and the world. There is no cure. Those afflicted with the disorder must learn to compensate for it and live regardless of it's affects. There are drugs and therapy available for those with this disorder to help them maintain there life. It is very frustrating to live with ADD or ADHD and even harder to live with it and not know it. Since ADD's detection is difficult, often the symptoms are likened to some other cause in an effort to explain the behaviors. This has lead to many misdiagnoses. However, new studies on ADD and ADHD are in the works and with the Human Genome Project's completion in 2003 there is hope more light will be shed on this disorder.

Free Essays on Brief Summary Of Hinduism

Hinduism is a collection of the spiritual beliefs of the Indian people followed by nearly 85% of the country’s population. Unlike many other religions it does not have one person that can be called the founder. Instead, Hinduism slowly took shape first as a source of help and guidance to obtain practical, real world necessities and later as a spiritual religion like that of today. The evolution of Hinduism was initially influenced by two factors, geography and agriculturally fertile land. First, geographic isolation provided by the Himalayan Mountains to the north and the oceans to all other directions protected India from outside invaders and influences. This allowed the Indian society to remain unchanged for centuries. Consequently, when Indian people felt unhappiness with their lives they did not seek to change society instead they sought change from within themselves. Secondly, the strong agricultural tradition of the society provided a deep connection and understan ding of nature and its cycles. As early agricultural people they sought a religion that would help them to survive their difficult living conditions. Much later they would seek to explain the spiritual world. The religion began with the Indus people who inhabited India before 2700 B.C.E. Many of the basic characteristics of the religion came from this culture including a great respect for and fixation with water. The Indus people had amazingly well developed and carefully planned cities including intricate water and sewage systems. Buildings were constructed on a grid pattern with sewers built under the roads and each house had its own source of water and toilet that could be flushed out to the sewers. This preoccupation with water was surely born because of the importance of water to an agricultural society in an arid climate but it would later carry over to religious practices. Another aspect of Hinduism that originated from this culture is the pract... Free Essays on Brief Summary Of Hinduism Free Essays on Brief Summary Of Hinduism Hinduism is a collection of the spiritual beliefs of the Indian people followed by nearly 85% of the country’s population. Unlike many other religions it does not have one person that can be called the founder. Instead, Hinduism slowly took shape first as a source of help and guidance to obtain practical, real world necessities and later as a spiritual religion like that of today. The evolution of Hinduism was initially influenced by two factors, geography and agriculturally fertile land. First, geographic isolation provided by the Himalayan Mountains to the north and the oceans to all other directions protected India from outside invaders and influences. This allowed the Indian society to remain unchanged for centuries. Consequently, when Indian people felt unhappiness with their lives they did not seek to change society instead they sought change from within themselves. Secondly, the strong agricultural tradition of the society provided a deep connection and understan ding of nature and its cycles. As early agricultural people they sought a religion that would help them to survive their difficult living conditions. Much later they would seek to explain the spiritual world. The religion began with the Indus people who inhabited India before 2700 B.C.E. Many of the basic characteristics of the religion came from this culture including a great respect for and fixation with water. The Indus people had amazingly well developed and carefully planned cities including intricate water and sewage systems. Buildings were constructed on a grid pattern with sewers built under the roads and each house had its own source of water and toilet that could be flushed out to the sewers. This preoccupation with water was surely born because of the importance of water to an agricultural society in an arid climate but it would later carry over to religious practices. Another aspect of Hinduism that originated from this culture is the pract...

Cause and Effect Essay Topics

Cause and Effect Essay Topics Cause and Effect Essay Topics Don’t know how to write a good cause-and-effect essay? Choosing among the topics offered here will make it easier for you to do it. All of these topics meet the quality standards and academic needs. Don’t hesitate to use any of them and achieve the best result! Relationships Why is divorce rate so high today? How does divorce impact family and children? Do social media affect family life? What is the nature of conflicts between siblings? Does childbearing affect the career? Does a strong family relationship make people healthier? How does a girl’s relationship with her father affect her own life as a married woman? What factors are crucial for family relationships? Social Issues What factors affect the levels of richness and poverty in the USA? Does poverty reduce the chances to succeed in life and career? Do violent games affect children’s relationships with their peers? How can non-governmental organizations help prevent global climate change? How does religious discrimination affect social stability? Why do people all over the world eat low-quality foods? Can low-quality water affect people’s health? Healthcare Why are so many Americans overweight? Why do people fail to prevent disease occurrence and complications? Why do people fail to adhere to the prescribed treatment regimen? What are the health effects of stress and anxiety? Why does cancer research fail to bring visible results? Why do people seek help in alternative treatments? Can information technologies facilitate access to healthcare? Why are cardiovascular diseases so common in America? Technology Do computer games affect child psychology? Does cellphone communication affect personal relationships? Does shopping online make people spend more money? Â   How can social media help teenagers build relationships? What are the effects of bullying at school? Why do teenagers often spend their time online? Education What do talented students think about studying in a regular school? Why do most children dislike going to school? Do technologies facilitate the learning process? Can homeschooling replace schools? Does wearing school uniform reduce the incidence of conflicts among students? Why do teachers face the risks of burnout? Is children’s health affected by spending more time at school? History How did British and French colonialism alter the people around the globe? Why did the American Revolution begin? What were the causes of the Civil War? How did WWII affect the Jews all over the world? What caused numerous civil rights movements in the 1960s? What were the causes of the 9/11? Can illegal immigration damage social wellbeing in America?

5 Ways to Stay Focused and Stop Procrastinating

5 Ways to Stay Focused and Stop Procrastinating Procrastination, whether at work or home, is common to human nature. Sometimes, it might be procrastinating about small things such as taking your favorite suit to the dry cleaners. Sometimes, it may be something more important such as being late to turn a report in at work. There are tips that might help you to alter your mindset and remain focused. In the end, these small changes can break your procrastination habit as you find yourself getting much more accomplished.   Looking at the Big PictureWhen faced with a large project, it is sometimes simpler to break it up into sections so you can focus on one part at a time. By doing this, the task seems less overwhelming. Start with the hardest part first, and the rest will be easier to complete.  Set a Personal DeadlineMaybe you actually do have an office or home deadline to meet. For example, that big project for your boss is due on a certain date. At home, maybe your child needs help with a science project. By setting your own pe rsonal deadline ahead of the actual due dates, you will not be rushed to finish the project. Gather things together first, keep it organized and set yourself a schedule to do the work.  Schedule Your TimeTo avoid being overwhelmed, you can schedule ten-minute breaks each hour. It gives you time to get something to drink, stretch your legs a bit and collect your thoughts. Write down what you want to accomplish each day and stick to the schedule. Once you are able to see the progress you are making, you’ll be encouraged to keep going. Eventually, you may no longer need those short breaks.  Remove DistractionsIt can be difficult to keep your mind on what you are doing when you are faced with distractions. When you work at a part-time computer job, the Internet is a big distraction. You have to learn to ignore it, and save the Internet for when you have reached your goal for the day. Your mobile phone letting you know that you have messages or calls is one of them. Place your cell phone a few feet away or, better yet, in another room while working and try to resist the temptation to pick it up. An extended texting session or repeated phone calls can eat up your work time.  Plan Ahead for the DayYou’ve been working for a while and get the munchies. Trips to the pantry for a snack can cut into your productivity, especially since that trip to the kitchen can take several minutes. It might be a good idea to prepare snacks for the following day, and place them beside you while you work.  Procrastinating can keep you from finding that ideal job, but TheJobNetwork can do the job searching for you, which leaves your time free to do other things. By entering your job interests and qualifications, you will receive matches for jobs as soon as those jobs become available. TheJobNetwork works around the clock to see that you don’t miss any opportunities to find a great position. All you have to do is enter the types of jobs you are interested in, a nd list your qualifications to get alerts when jobs pop up.When you sign up for job match alert you won’t miss any opportunities.

Business Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Ethics - Research Paper Example An exemplification of this structure exists with respect to the way in which joint oversight is shared between teams and continual peer review is practiced. Essentially, David Pinder established this organizational structure as a means of ensuring that a certain individual or group of individuals did not have total and complete oversight with respect to the way in which projects were accomplished and work was performed (XIAOJUN 383). By diversifying the overall level of the review and overview process, he was able to effectively ensure that a further level of ethical standard was implemented within the firm and individuals were held accountable for all decisions that were made. Additionally, even though this structure is of course evident, other business leaders would have been satisfied with the ethical norms and standards that have thus far been put forward. However, in David’s case, he was specifically interested in promoting an even further level of ethics by ensuring that he maintained an open door policy that would allow stakeholders to discuss pertinent issues with him at any time; should they feel they are relevant to the continued success of the firm or their continued happiness as an employee. In terms of the actual steps that David Pinder has taken in order to ensure that an ethical culture is established, it should be understood by the reader that the immediate establishment of vision and philosophy, as well as ground rules and expectations for how employees understood their roles and responsibilities with the central element of establishing the steps that ensured this ethical culture. Essentially, the priorities that were established prior to any work being performed were concentric upon respect, dignity, happiness, and engagement (Li et al. 830). As can be noted, none of these are concentric on profit. The establishment of vision and

Cellular pathology(critical review of topical paper) Essay

Cellular pathology(critical review of topical paper) - Essay Example Based on the cellularity and atypia, 3 categories of histopathology were formed and compared. There were differences in tumor categorization between histopathological studies and cytological studies and these differences in numbers made the researchers conclude that cytological identification of metaplastic carcinoma of breast is not a reliable method. The hypothesis is unclear and the paper lacks key words, coherent language, a crisp abstract , a good flow, subheadings and link to others’ work. There is no mention of confounding factors and how they were taken care of. The introduction could have been more educative. There is no mention of limitations of the study. The results of the study were presented in the form of chart. The cellularity of the FNAC numbers was described as low, moderate and severe. The cut off point of the number of cells which can be categorized into each one of these has not been described. Also, many specimens (as many as 10) have been categorized as having mixed components. These have been allocated a tumor- group only based on the type of cells seen and in many, the numbers of cells are actually even low to categorize to a cancer-type. In as many as 6 cases, the types of cells are actually suspicious. Keeping these limitations in mind, there arise many doubts whether the basis on which classification done is reliable. However, this study is a good attempt to explore a simple means of detecting this rare cancer and provides the patient with alternate option to surgery. Lui, P.C.W., Tse, G.M.K., Tan, P.H., et al. (2006). Fine-needle aspiration cytology of metaplastic carcinoma of the breast. J Clin Pathol., Retrieved on 27th Feb, 2009 from

Brand strategy for growth Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Brand strategy for growth - Assignment Example Moreover, setting up targets in an organization practically fixes the quantitative target values and aiming in context with the divisional plans identifying the contributions made by each department within the organization. Carrying out performance analysis which includes analyzing and discovering the gap between the planned desired performances enhances performance. The actual reality and final choice of strategy, which is the ultimate step in the formulation, become imperative. Consider organizational goals, organizational strengths, potentials, limitations, as well as the external opportunities (Banerjee, 2007). The brand manager should seek to understand the market by defining it category. An incoming brand manager should have in order to carry out strategy formulation is a better understanding of his/her organization. This is done by carrying out both internal and external analysis of the organization. It helps them get a better glimpse of the organizations strengths, weaknesses and opportunities as well as a better understanding of its competitors. Carry out a SWOT analysis. The endeavor helps the manager be in and advantage position since they are able to know the competitor approaches pricing and models of communication. In addition, the evaluation will unearth the consumer patterns; make a consideration of brand size metrics and loyalty measures (van Gelder, 2004). The management has to check the brand availability with regard to the mantel and physical disposition. The next important aspect an incoming manager needs to be aware of is the status of the brand in question, what is the mental availability of the brand? (Are the customers aware of the brand in question), what is its general buying patterns? (When is its buying seasons? who are the buyers? And the status of its monopoly effect in the market). All these will enable the brand manager to be in a position to better understand his or her brand better and hence help them in coming up

How Standards Set Improve Organizational Performance Assignment

How Standards Set Improve Organizational Performance - Assignment Example Through creating a golden package, they were to rival their competitors and remain the market leaders as they created a fast instant delivery. FedEx has various ways to motivate their employees. The staffs are given more authority in their business decisions and take responsibility for their actions. Through this, employees are actively involved in the production hence are more confident about the company since the company trusts them. Workers are also more united towards the business hence their sense of togetherness that provides extra energy at the workplace. The company also set an excellence award to best performing station. This creates hard work and motivates the staffs even more since their productivity would be reorganized. In any organization, managers play a key role in the success of the company. In FedEx, managers act as the link between employees and management ensuring clear dissemination of information from the top to the bottom hence the efficient flow of work. They set clear objective goals that are to be achieved by the company increasing the profitability of the organization. They also act as a unifying factor among the teams that ensures cohesion, collective responsibility for the benefit of the organization. Managers also provide a working example to other teams as shown by helping in times of emergencies hence clearly defining expectations. The task force- this is a team designed with specific responsibility to solve an assignment that is allocated to them by the management (Griffin & Moorhead, 2010). This is shown by the organization setting up companywide projects team so as to counter-attack competitors. Functional teams - Ensures specific functions are carried out in different parts (Daft, 2010). This can be explained by FedEx creating different business units e.g., FedEx ground, FedEx express and many more.

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Business Ethics - Essay Example The organizations are required to perform their activities for the welfare of humans. An organization has two common approaches for business ethics which are from shareholder and stakeholder viewpoints (Johnson and Abramov, â€Å"Business Ethics†). CSR is the responsibility of an organization for providing fair profits to the shareholders keeping in consideration the societal perspective of providing greater benefits to the communities as well. The decisions as well as activities which are performed should be beneficial for the society and stakeholders. An organization should perform operations in a transparent way in accordance with laws as well as standards for the benefit of the society (Catalyst Consortium, â€Å"What is Corporate Social Responsibility†). Business ethics and CSR are essential elements for an organization for providing fair returns to the shareholders as well as making decisions which are to be beneficial for the stakeholders and society. The shareho lder as well as stakeholder viewpoints of business ethics for an organization are the essential elements for implementing appropriate ethical values. From the perspectives of the shareholders, the decisions are made to provide a fair profit on investment. Shareholders are considered as stakeholders of an organization. These ethical values will help an organization to maintain a healthy relationship with the shareholders. Stakeholder perspective of business ethics is to perform activities or operations for the benefits of employees as well as society. The decisions of an organization are to be made for satisfying the needs of the stakeholders as well as these decisions have an impact on the people who are involved with the organization. Stakeholders are included among all those people who are a part of an organization. The key motives of an organization are to provide fair returns to the shareholders as well as to perform its activities with ethical values which are beneficial for al l those who are involved with the organization. Therefore, it is apparent that appropriate ethical decisions can be made through shareholder or stakeholder perspective of business ethics (Pfarrer, â€Å"What is the Purpose of the Firm?: Shareholder and Stakeholder Theories†). Shareholder perspective is mainly focused on the notion of generating profit for the organization. An organization is functioning with the motive of generating profit and the effectiveness of the organization is determined with the quantity of profit earned as well as on other economic factors. The primary aim of an organization is to enhance the values of the shareholders. The stakeholder perspective should be to serve the people who are involved with the organization with due consideration to the notion of improving the health of the society. This viewpoint of stakeholder should be considered as a top priority above profitability for an organization. There is a vast ethical decisions difference in term s of the perspectives of shareholders and stakeholders which clashes with profitability and responsibility of an organization (Value Based Management.net, â€Å"Shareholder Value versus Stakeholders†). The ethical values as well as CSR of an organization are to perform activities or operations with the motive of providing fair profit to the shareholder as well as serving an organization in accordance with the appropriate ethic

Commercial Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Commercial Law - Essay Example According to the problem, Gill who had made hire-purchase contract with Bob’s Motors by exchanging her Ford Fiesta with Nissan Micra by overlooking her previously made contract with Universal Finance. Besides, the third problem in this case depicts the issue of serious engine fault in a second-hand Nissan 370Z sports car by Hussein after purchasing it from Bob’s Motors. Therefore, the study provides relevant advice to Hampshire Hire Ltd, Universal Finance Ltd and Joan along with Hussein on the basis of the case situation. The discussion of the study provides the claims that can be made by each party relating to the case and also ensures to demonstrate effective remedies that are available for the parties to claim their responsibilities. With reference to the problem associated with the case of Bob’s Motors Ltd., it has been ascertained that John, a key representative of the company (Bob’s Motors Ltd.) had entered into a valid contractual agreement with Hampshire Hire Ltd. for selling Nissan Note cars for  £13,000 each. According to the deal, Bob’s Motors is likely to deliver four new Nissan Note cars on 25th June 2014. In the similar context, Hampshire Hire has accepted the terms and conditions of the contract and agreed to carry the pre-ordered vehicles at his own risk. However, the transporter had undergone natural calamities that led all the pre-ordered Nissan Note cars by Hampshire Hire to explode. In this context, Bob’s Motors has denied to take the responsibility regarding the incident. Subsequently, it can be stated that the incident associated with the explosion of four Nissan Note cars during the delivery to Hampshire Hire occurred due to lightning. In relation to the concern associated with the case of Hampshire Hire, the occurrence of such unavoidable incident can be termed under the consideration of Force Majeure. According to Sale of Goods Act in English contract law, it

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Business Ethics - Essay Example The organizations are required to perform their activities for the welfare of humans. An organization has two common approaches for business ethics which are from shareholder and stakeholder viewpoints (Johnson and Abramov, â€Å"Business Ethics†). CSR is the responsibility of an organization for providing fair profits to the shareholders keeping in consideration the societal perspective of providing greater benefits to the communities as well. The decisions as well as activities which are performed should be beneficial for the society and stakeholders. An organization should perform operations in a transparent way in accordance with laws as well as standards for the benefit of the society (Catalyst Consortium, â€Å"What is Corporate Social Responsibility†). Business ethics and CSR are essential elements for an organization for providing fair returns to the shareholders as well as making decisions which are to be beneficial for the stakeholders and society. The shareho lder as well as stakeholder viewpoints of business ethics for an organization are the essential elements for implementing appropriate ethical values. From the perspectives of the shareholders, the decisions are made to provide a fair profit on investment. Shareholders are considered as stakeholders of an organization. These ethical values will help an organization to maintain a healthy relationship with the shareholders. Stakeholder perspective of business ethics is to perform activities or operations for the benefits of employees as well as society. The decisions of an organization are to be made for satisfying the needs of the stakeholders as well as these decisions have an impact on the people who are involved with the organization. Stakeholders are included among all those people who are a part of an organization. The key motives of an organization are to provide fair returns to the shareholders as well as to perform its activities with ethical values which are beneficial for al l those who are involved with the organization. Therefore, it is apparent that appropriate ethical decisions can be made through shareholder or stakeholder perspective of business ethics (Pfarrer, â€Å"What is the Purpose of the Firm?: Shareholder and Stakeholder Theories†). Shareholder perspective is mainly focused on the notion of generating profit for the organization. An organization is functioning with the motive of generating profit and the effectiveness of the organization is determined with the quantity of profit earned as well as on other economic factors. The primary aim of an organization is to enhance the values of the shareholders. The stakeholder perspective should be to serve the people who are involved with the organization with due consideration to the notion of improving the health of the society. This viewpoint of stakeholder should be considered as a top priority above profitability for an organization. There is a vast ethical decisions difference in term s of the perspectives of shareholders and stakeholders which clashes with profitability and responsibility of an organization (Value Based Management.net, â€Å"Shareholder Value versus Stakeholders†). The ethical values as well as CSR of an organization are to perform activities or operations with the motive of providing fair profit to the shareholder as well as serving an organization in accordance with the appropriate ethic